What is the first step in hypothesis testing?

The initial step in hypothesis testing is to clearly state the null and alternative hypotheses. This fundamental process sets the framework for the entire testing procedure. The null hypothesis typically represents a statement of no effect or no difference, which researchers attempt to test against the alternative hypothesis, suggesting that there is a statistically significant effect or difference.

By defining these hypotheses before any data collection or analysis occurs, researchers create a clear objective for what they are seeking to demonstrate or refute. This step is crucial because it guides the methodology of the experiment, including how data will be collected and analyzed, and establishes the criteria under which the hypotheses will be tested.

The subsequent steps, such as designing the test, taking a sample, and calculating the test statistic, depend on the hypotheses that have been previously established. Thus, stating the null and alternative hypotheses is the foundational action in the hypothesis testing process.